With the Old Breed

â€Å"With The Old Breed† by Eugene Sledge is a startling account of World War II was based on his memoirs he witnessed as a mortar man with Kilo Company 3/5 on Peleliu and Okinawa. Less popularly know than other battles in the Pacific region, these battles were as bloody and ferocious as any other. Eugene Sledge gives a straightforward approach, illustrating the climate, conditions, and characterizing the morale of the Marines surrounding him fighting the Japanese. Eugene Sledge’s experience with the military began at Marion Military Institute. He later joined the V-12 officer-training program to prepare himself to become an officer in the military. He promptly left the comfortable life of college by leaving the program to enter boot camp at San Diego, California. The Marine Corp Recruit Depot, San Diego, became Sledge’s new home. The training He would receive would eventually save his life in the future. Corporal Doherty, Sledge’s drill instructor, amplified everything it meant to be a Marine and set a positive example for the recruits in his command. He demonstrated the attitude, character, strength, endurance, enthusiasm, experience, and determination of a true professional. He taught his platoon the basics of being a Marine. Weapons handling, shooting, marching, and discipline were emphasized through the entirety of boot camp. Sledge would use the basic Marine Corp knowledge as he furthered his training and preparation for combat at Camp Elliott. Arriving at Camp Elliott, Private First Class Sledge had to make a decision about which weaponry he wanted to be assigned and He would choose 60 mm mortars. A Non Commissioned Officer taught Sledge his entire knowledge of how to effectively operate his weapon, assemble and disassemble, and the knowledge to strike the enemy when the opportunity came. For PFC Sledge, the opportunity came earlier than he could imagine. PFC Sledge’s accounts of the battle are a great illustration to the actual battlefield. As though you are in the story, you can imagine the nervousness of the men, the sound of explosions, the whistling of rounds flying down range, and the cries of dying and injured Marines. From the beach assault to making landfall, Sledge carefully describes every footstep. September 15, 1944 was the day the Marines of Kilo Company 3/5 landed on Peleliu. Peleliu was a defensive stronghold for the Japanese, who were entrenched and waiting for the attack. The 10,000 Japanese defenders covered every square inch of Peleliu and fought use a new style of fighting. The defense-in-depth tactic would be used to cover more areas and inflict many more causalities than previous strategies. The bonsai attack, which sent the surviving Japanese on a suicide run towards the Americans, would not be used again. Private First Class Sledge would begin to learn that war does change a man forever. Sledged witnesses a human being cut open like an animal carcass for slaughter after the battle at Peleliu. A combat veteran comes upon the incident without hesitation and begins collecting all the gear of the dead man as though it is a scrap yard. Sledge freezes during the moment only focusing on the dead Japanese soldier. He would foreshadow the he too will be hardened later on as the battles become bloodier and the loss of friends weigh deeper on his mind. With the Old Breed His first tour of combat took place at Pipeline and Engineers where U. S. Soldiers and Japanese soldiers fought inhumanely and relentlessly, and maybe even pointlessly. He went on his second tour of combat at Okinawa, where he felt more obligated and certain of his duties. He had solid reasoning as to why everything was to take place with the second tour, unlike his uncertainty on the first one. With the Old Breed covers three mall themes: the Importance of being prepared, the cost of warfare and war stories.The importance of preparedness is a reoccurring theme in this narrative. Corporal T. J. Doherty, Drill Instructor of Platoon 984, was a great example of the importance of preparedness. For eight weeks of boot camp Corporal Doherty required the men to march on the beach in the sand, making it harder and more strenuous for them. Unlike other corporals and generals, Doherty does not engage In negative mental and psychological abuse. Corporal Doherty the highest level of performance from the men at the weakest times, for example, during their sleep schedules he would awaken them and demand unplanned hikes and exercise rituals.He made sure to train the men while they were sleep deprived and utterly exhausted. He also showed great attention to safety and weapons training. Sledge then went on to train for a few more months in infantry training school. Although this training not as stressful, It was equally demanding and intense. After this training was complete, Sledge was deployed to Fauve and received additional training that seemed pointless. All of this training was called upon when the united States invaded Pipeline. Other soldiers who had not completed this training or were pulled out of training early for battle were soon regretful.They did not last and were not as well equipped with skills to survive in battle. Some were even killed before their paperwork was processed. Sledge and others who had plentiful and adequate training held steadfast and fought an honorable fight. Sledge depicts himself as a patriotic, committed marine who was always prepared to serve his country under any circumstance; however, he understood and questioned the negative, sometimes unnecessary outcomes. He reflected in his passages the fatalities, the wounded soldiers, the psychological abuse of soldiers and even the brutality of the act itself.Sledge's subconscious often led him to question war, even though at the time of war he did not fight against It. As a marine, he did fact that other soldiers questioned were dominating Pipeline even relevant? Why not just bypass it like countless other Japanese possessed islands? Research of the Pipeline attack show that 6,256 U. S Marine soldiers and 10,900 Japanese casualties took place during this particular combat. The second battle, that took place in Okinawa, was fought with more evident understanding of why they were fighting.They did not question this battle as they did the first. He did not reflect upon this ba ttle as he did the first time. He condensed the fight to this quote, â€Å"their lives were wasted on a muddy stinking slope for no good reason† (p. 280). † With the Old Breed, in itself, is an old war story told by a marine veteran. This novel is a Sledge's personal recount of his strenuous training and time spent in battle, including people he felt were important to his story. He begins his story with his enlistment into the marines. He then takes us on a Journey through his career as a marine.He greatly details of his laborious, energy-consuming boot camp training, here they were greatly rest deprived, physically and mentally exhausted. He then continues with his infantry training, where he received even more training to prepare him, mind and body, for combat. His focus and emphasis placed on the training he received in the end was a grand part of the development of his story. Once the troops were sent in, Sledge and other soldiers of equal training endured, fought a nd strategists longer and stronger than their counterparts of lesser training. He went on to document and detail his time spent in Fauve, Pipeline and Engineers.After arriving combat in Pipeline and Engineers against the Japanese, Sledge was sent to Fauve for rest and work camp. His final combat zone was Okinawa; this was his second tour of combat. Needless to say, he survived here as well, thus the end of his war story. This personal memoir, or collection of war stories, recounts Sledge's experiences both in training and in actual combat. He analyzes what actually happens, whether it was the long, stressful training sessions or the even more brutal acts that took place on the battle field. He recounts and teaches a lesson.

American Airlines Flight Essay

Through his 1997 Airframe novel, Michael Crichton describes Casey Singleton’s response after a plane that was manufactured by Norton Aircraft experiences an accident while in flight. Singleton is a quality assurance officer at Norton Aircraft. Does the story accurately portray an aircraft manufacturer’s response to an accident? By demonstrating that following the accident, Norton Aircraft works hard to ensure that it (Norton Aircraft) does not only ascertain the genesis of the accident, but also to try to exonerate itself from any culpability, Crichton presents an accurate picture of aircraft manufacturers’ reaction to plane accidents. To illustrate, Singleton puts forth great efforts to investigate the facts behind the accident (Crichton, 1996). It is notable that a Singleton is not interested in the numerous aspects that usually surround pane mishaps. Rather, she seeks to establish who erred with regard to the accident. This is the typical reaction of aircraft manufacturers after plane accidents; they seek to apportion blame rather than solve the problem. Does the story accurately portray the media’s response to an aircraft accident? Crichton also presents a credible description of how the news-hungry media usually responds after plane accidents. It is undisputable that media houses jostle to present that so-called ‘exclusive’ story to the public after air accidents. This trend is clearly exhibited by the plans by a local media house to air a sensational news program that has somewhat maliciously dubbed the ill-fated plane a ‘deathtrap’. The author thus describes and critiques the sensational attitude that the media shows towards plane accidents. What was your overall impression of the story? After studying Crichton’s story, I was pleased with the author’s description of events that closely resemble real-life aviation accidents. For example, in describing the circumstances as well as the cause of the accident, Crichton draws parallels with the American Airlines Flight 191 fatal crash. In addition, Singleton’s investigations reveal that the accident was partly caused by the captain’s error of allowing his inexperienced son to take charge of the aircraft. Similarly, the Aeroflot flight 593 mishap in 1994 originated from the pilot’s mistake of permitting his inexperienced son to man the flight. Discerning such parallels to real-life events makes me to like the novel owing to its seeming applicability in contemporary mishaps. On the other hand, after closely examining Crichton’s plot, I have deduced several themes which make the author’s text very significant. For example, the author describes events that seek to show that air accidents are usually blamed on the wrong parties. In this case, John Marder and his associates try to place the blame for the accident squarely on Singleton. After her investigations, Singleton however detects that the fault was in the person who was operating the aircraft, particularity the pilot. The author thus demonstrates that innocent and vulnerable parties usually unjustly carry the blame for plane accidents. This candid portrayal of the blame games that accompany plane accidents is an aspect that makes the author’s work worthy of praise. In addition, I marveled at Crichton’s demonstration that humans, as opposed to mechanical failures, are the main cause of plane accidents. The author thus eradicates the popular notion that machine failure is normally the major culprit behind plane accidents. To illustrate, the aircraft is functional as per Singleton’s investigations. Human error, in form of improper maintenance coupled with operational errors; make the plane to have the accident. Crichton thus debunks a popular myth related to aircraft accidents through the novel’s events. This aspect makes me to really like the author’s bluntness and originality. References Crichton, M. (1996). Airframe. New York: Knopf.

American Literature Essay

The authors use symbolism to Illustrate their idea of desolation. In â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider†, Whitman uses a deserted spider to portray the soul as a hopeless being desperately searching for an anchor. While Dickinson uses a still body to portray the soul as elapses and unable connect with the outside world.In Whitman poem â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider†, the author uses a deserted spider to portray the desolation of the soul. In my opinion, the setting strictly illustrates an idea of deservedness and the feeling of loneliness. This is shown when it is said of the spider: â€Å"l mark's, where, on a little promontory, it stood, isolated;† (Whitman line 2). The spider is set on a high place overseeing it's vast surroundings yet Is unable to spot any Indication of life. This shows that the soul, much Like the spider, Is In a state of exaltation but still has a feeling of loneliness.Even though the spider Is on a ‘promontory' It still tries to reac h out to the vacant unknown In desperate hope of touching or even connecting with something. It's almost as if Whitman is saying that the soul, in comparison to the spider, longs for some type of acknowledgement. In Emily Dickinson poem â€Å"l heard a Fly buzz†, the poet uses a still body to portray the soul as helpless and unable to connect with the outside world. It becomes clear why Dickinson would choose to design the soul as in a helpless state because when you closely examine her era you can observe that women were not given much accreditation and merit.Her gender was looked at and even treated as helpless because women In her time and society were not for recognized for being Intelligent and making rational decisions. In the poem Dickinson Is faced with a lot of adversity but reports no Indication of retaliating. For example, she was unable to react when â€Å"There Interposed a Fly – † (Dickinson line 12) to Interfere In her observations. She was also h elpless when â€Å"l willed my Keepsakes – Signed away† (Dickinson line 121 even when her belongings where being distributed there was nothing she could do r say.One of the things that contributed to Dickinson helplessness is her inability to connect with the outside world. Dickinson herself lived a very secluded life. Poets. Org states that â€Å"Throughout her life, she seldom left her home and visitors were few. † So it becomes easy to see why it was so hard to relay her feelings and objections to the people that surrounded her deathbed in the poem. Conclusively, the venture of the soul can sometimes be a desolate pilgrimage. The two authors Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson both Illustrate the barren soul in heir consecutive poems â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† and â€Å"l heard a Fly buzz†.The two poems present the soul as empty vessels awaiting to be connected to some type of delve existence. In Whitman poem, he uses a deserted spider to po rtray the desolation of the soul. Whitman uses a setting which illustrates an idea of to portray the soul as helpless and unable to connect with the outside world. She inputs a lot of her life situations into her character, such as her prohibited contribution to society due to her gender and her preferred removal from her community.

Arkansas Economy - about Agriculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arkansas Economy - about Agriculture - Essay Example According to the survey, it has been revealed that about more than 46% of the rice are supplied to the United States. Top five agricultural products ofArkansas that generate supreme amount of revenue for the state are cotton, broilers, cattle, soybeans and rice. â€Å"The export value of rice generated by Arkansas is 3859 million dollars which is number one in the United States† (Cosidine 19a). The export valued for cotton is at 615 million dollar and it is fourth in the United States. In the crop sector the direct contribution to economy is by providing more than 62,918 jobs and more than 3,062 million dollar value added to the economy of Arkansas. â€Å"In the year 2011, survey states that more than 12.8 billion dollars of value added to the economy of Arkansas† (Considine 26b). This huge revenue is generated which accounted due to enormous agricultural resources. Total contribution to the economy of Arkansas can be direct, indirect and induced contribution. Direct contributions to the economy are generated by the help of forest products and farm production. Some agricultural firms of Arkansas purchase product from other business of same state can generate revenue is known as the indirect contribution to the economy. Contributions generated from employees working in agricultural farms can spend portion of money within Arkansas can benefit the economy of the state. â€Å"In the year 2012, survey states that more than 47,800 farms are located in Arkansas† (USDA 7a). The diversified portfolio of Arkansas profits the state in revenue and which benefit the economy. The net farm income generated from the number of far ms present in Arkansas is 1.4 billion dollar. Estimated amount of export of rice is 1 billion annually. Arkansas is number of export of rice. â€Å"The agriculture of Arkansas enables to create 24% job in the state† (USDA 12b). This resembles the fact the agriculture has become pivotal for Arkansas by creating large number of jobs. The

Sustainable Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Tourism - Essay Example However, the benefits accrued from the industry are often off-set by the negative impact it causes on the natural environment and the threats it poses to the bio-diversity. Hence incorporating sustainable measures and policies within this industry is highly crucial for the sustaining and developing of this industry. In order to establish this fact, this paper discusses the various definitions and key concepts of sustainable tourism; the impact of mass tourism; the values and ethics involved; and market failure. The paper concludes with the proposition that the various benefits of tourism can be successfully enjoyed if proper measures are implemented at the local, regional and national levels to ensure effective management of all tourism related activities. Definitions: The term sustainable tourism covers a broad area such as eco-tourism, green travel, culturally responsible tourism, environmentally friendly tourism etc and the likes. However, the basic / fundamental pillars of sustai nable tourism entails the effective management of all key local resources in a manner which ensures that the social, economic, cultural as well aesthetic fabric of the tourist destination are maintained and their cultural integrity is upheld. Furthermore, it also entails the preservation of the bio-diversity of the areas in and around the tourist site, as well as their support systems. There are various definitions of the term 'sustainable tourism' although none of them claim to be comprehensive in nature. Some of them are listed below: According to WTO (1996): "Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of the present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled, while maintaining cultural integrity essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems† According to Swarbrook e (1999): Sustainable tourism means "tourism which is economically viable but does not destroy the resources on which the future of tourism will depend, notably the physical environment and the social fabric of the host community" (Pp.13). However, according to a definition provided by a report funded by the European Union the term Sustainable tourism was referred to as: "tourism which develops as quickly as possible, taking account of current accommodation capacity, the local population and the environment .. The development of tourism and new investment in the tourism sector should not detract from tourism itself †¦. New tourism facilities should be integrated with the environment". (Swarbrooke, 1999, Pp.13) According to Butler (1993): "Tourism which is in a form which can maintain its viability in an area for an infinite period of time" (Pp. 29) According to Eber (1992): "if tourism is to be truly beneficial to all concerned . . . and sustainable in the long-term, it must be ensured that resources are not over-consumed, that natural and human environments are protected, that tourism is integrated with other activities, that it provides real benefits to the local communities . . .

Big Dog & Little Dog's Performance Juxtaposition Assignment

Big Dog & Little Dog's Performance Juxtaposition - Assignment Example From the results of the Leadership Style Survey, I learned that I manifest and generally apply the democratic or participative style (score was 40) where I enjoin subordinates to provide inputs and communicate their thoughts, ideas, and comments in daily operations as they contribute towards the achievement of a unified organizational goal. From the survey, it was noted that â€Å"some of the best leaders operate out of the participative mode and use the other two modes as needed†. The score I generated for the authoritarian style was 32 and that for the delegative style was 27. I always believe that people become more motivated in the workplace setting when leaders encourage them to participate, not only by doing the responsibilities expected of them; but also by contributing thoughts, comments, insights on how they think current operations and performances could be improved. The leaders’ roles should take an encouraging and motivating stance to guide the subordinates towards the attainment of the organization’s mission, vision, and goals. I was actually expecting that the next leadership mode that I would exemplify was more of a delegative than authoritative style. However, the results indicate that I favor being autocratic than free-rein. Honestly, I believe that the best style would really depend on three factors: the personality of the leader, the personality of the subordinates, and the situation. The information would be useful as a guide for both personal and professional development in terms of focusing on the traits and characteristics that were deemed weak or that needs to be improved. For example, since the next leadership style manifested from the survey was the autocratic style, I could look into the areas that need to be adjusted or improved in terms of encouraging employees to contribute insights in the decision-making process, as needed; or delegating more tasks, as required. The end result should assist in improving not on ly me personal and professional development, as a leader but also the personal and professional development of the people I lead.

Automotive Vs. Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Automotive Vs. Computers - Essay Example The paper is going to focus on Toyota and Dell as the products of these industries. Toyota has in the past been depending on its o its major supplier in Japan. However, Toyota being the current leading automotive supplier of cars in the world embarked on a competitive strategy that involved the production of quality cars hence utilized a reliable approach. In addition, Toyota’s supply chain called for responsiveness and efficiency. Moreover, its supply chain necessitates decentralization therefore many production units in various locations all over the world. However, these decentralized units must also the interlinked. This ensures that information flows consecutively throughout all available units. In fact there are four key feature of Toyota’s supply chain. These features include, inventory, transportation, facility and information. Therefore, it is prudent to conclude that Toyota involves numerous production plants; a number of storage facilities, a well-defined tra nsportation mechanism, and reliable information relaying procedures. ( Dudovskiy). This chain ensures that the end consumer gets a quality product and on time regardless of their location since decentralization takes care of it. On the other hand, Dell relies on an exceptional supply chain whose strategy depends on information gathering from its large customer capacity. As such, Dell uses a direct- sale strategy and the information attained are passed on to both the sales and the procurement sections in addition to its external suppliers. The advantage of an information approach strategy is that it allows for timely supply of the product. More so Dell has identified two channels, through which information is acquired such as amongst the customers and the sales personnel’s, and equally, amidst the sales, procurement and suppliers departments. Hence, this approach has helps the company to sell its products in large quantities and with required quality since there is information flow (Gilmore). The automotive industry can be said to stick to its unique supply chain because of the nature of its product. Automotive is bulky, this makes expensive to assemble in a single location. Moreover, car models are rigid to change because there are a variety of models that a customer can chose from. More so, car parts are expensive to make hence changing any part will most likely result to recalling all previously produced vehicles. Therefore, an automotive industry remains competitive only if it produces different car model that suits the needs of its many customers. In addition, the quality, engine performance and fuel consumption are the factors that customers are after in any car mode. Therefore it is only through decentralization that an automotive producer can understand well the needs and requirements of the market. On the contrary, computer producers are better place to use an interactive supply chain approach because their products can be produced from a central location and easily transported to the consumers. Hence, such compa nies will invest more in both the sales and procurement teams to get the market requirements and they will deliver easily on such demands. Consequently, this is an industry that deals more with technology hence they are aware that technology is dynamic. When it comes to the product, the producer mainly evaluates the production cost. In this regards, automotive produce

Will be provide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Will be provide - Essay Example The steady-state gain and the time constant were determined by performing two trials using variant voltage inputs in the step input part of the experiment. The time constants for the first and the second trial were 0.196s and 0.176s respectively. Through dividing the change in the output voltage by the input voltage, the steady-state gain was determined. The relationship or connection between the natural frequency and the damping ratio could be seen in the position control section of the experiment. There was an increase in the natural frequency and a decrease in the damping ratio as the error feedback increased. When a comparison of the observed data was made to the theoretically obtained values, the difference was approximately double. When the error feedback was more that 90%, the system seemed unstable. Upon the introduction of tacho feedback, while keeping the error feedback constant, a significant increase in the damping ratio was observed. The system was damped and indicated a faster response with the tacho feedback. The experiment proved to be so useful as it enabled the observation of characteristics and relationships of the servo-motor control though the theoretical values differed slightly with the experimental values Calculations involving the steady-state parameters were done in the initial experiment. The tachogenerator and motor speed gains were determined by plotting graphs of tachogenerator voltage vs. motor speed and motor speed vs. input voltage. Tachogenerator gain was found to be 1.6579 V/(rad/s) with the motor speed recording a 12.564 (rad/s)/ V gain. An analysis of graph 4.4.1.2 and Graph 4.4.1.1 depicted a constant linear relationship. With increasing motor speed, the voltage of the tachogenerator increased. An increase in the input voltage also led to an increase in the motor speed. The graphs 4.4.1.3 and graph 4.4.1.4 showed the plot of feedback pot and position pot against the servo angle. The plot of feedback pot

Modern pricing models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Modern pricing models - Essay Example This work involved calculating a derivative to measure how the discount rate of a warrant varies with time and stock price. The result of this calculation held a striking resemblance to a well-known heat transfer equation. Soon after this discovery, Myron Scholes joined Black and the result of their work is a startlingly accurate option pricing model. The Black–Scholes model was first published in their 1973 paper, "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities", published in the Journal of Political Economy (Black & Scholes, 1973). Robert Merton was the first to publish a paper expanding the mathematical understanding of the options pricing model, and coined the term "Black–Scholes options pricing model" (Merton, 1973). Merton and Scholes received the 1997 Nobel Prise in Economics for their work. Black was mentioned as a contributor by the Swedish Academy though ineligible for the prize because of his death in 1995. Black and Scholes cant take all credit for their work, in fact their model is actually an improved version of a previous model developed by A. James Boness in his Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Chicago (). Black and Scholes improvements on the Boness model come in the form of a proof that the risk-free interest rate is the correct discount factor, and with the absence of assumptions regarding investors risk preferences. The Black–Scholes model assumes that the market consists of at least one risky asset, usually called the stock, and one riskless asset, usually called the money market, cash, or bond. The key idea is to hedge the option by buying and selling the underlying asset in just the right way and, as a consequence, to eliminate risk. (random walk) The instantaneous log returns of the stock price is an infinitesimal random walk with drift; more precisely, it is a geometric Brown motion, and we will assume its drift and volatility

American Prison Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

American Prison Law - Essay Example Citizens, who had been wrongly accused or unjustly sentenced, could challenge such actions. It was the bounden duty of the federal government to implement a system of checks-and-balances in the system so that the correction department did not infringe the fundamental liberty of citizens. This endeavor was assisted significantly by librarians who acted in an unbiased manner within the purview of the standards established by the American Association of Law Libraries. This was to ensure that the policies of institutions and departments, and authorizations from the United States Supreme Court and local jurisdictions were observed2. In the 1977 case of Bounds v. Smiths, the right of an offender to access the judiciary was established by the US Supreme Court. Moreover, the court held that prison inmates should be provided with access to state and federal court systems. It also directed the correctional facilities to allow offenders to access law libraries and to provide legal assistance to their illiterate inmates, so that they could avail themselves of professional assistance while preparing their pleadings. The objective of this decision was to enable prisoners to access the court systems. However this ruling created a lot of consternation amongst the correctional personnel, librarians and library science professionals as it required them to implement new strategies in order to provide prison inmates with access to the appropriate legal documents3. The applicants in Casey v Lewis were prison officials of the Arizona DOC. The DOC had argued that the US District Court of Arizona had been mistaken in deciding that the department had breached Bounds. It also claimed that the court's order deprived the lawful remedies of the department. The respondents in the case were twenty - two inmates imprisoned in various correctional facilities of the DOC4. The respondents collectively filed a class - suit on behalf of all offenders who had been imprisoned and also on behalf of future offenders. In their application they have accused the DOC of depriving them of the right to access the courts and counsel. These provisions had been assured by the First, Sixth and Fourteenth Constitutional amendments. The district court held that the prisoners had a constitutional right of access to the courts and that such access was to be adequate and effective5. Moreover, the court held that the DOC had failed to act in accordance with constitutional standards. The court also found that the DOC was not in a position to meet the offenders' needs in areas such as providing the inmates with appropriate training so as to utilize the library. It also held that the library had failed to obtain updated legal materials and that it had not provided prisoners with photocopying facilities6. Moreover, the court observed that prisoners belonged to two groups and that these offenders had not been provided with adequate services. The first group was composed of offenders on a lockdown status or in other words it was composed of offenders who had been deprived of the bodily right of entry to the law library. Such offenders were on occasion denied access to the courts. The second group consisted of offenders who either could not speak English or who were illiterate7. The court accepted the

Protecting Young Children's Welfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protecting Young Children's Welfare - Essay Example Although there is no indication that she has any health problem (in other words, nothing is revealed about her health status). Sarah will have the problem enjoying her studies based on her inability to sustain her interest in a person (her mother or friends) for a longer period of time (Weis 221). And Sarah’s mother seems to be clueless about how to successfully handle the situation. Though this does not necessarily mean that the child is in dire need of protection outside her home, periodical visits of social workers could help her mother understand what her daughter needs (Rowe 25). Sarah’s mother is also have been affected by her sudden break from her husband, which may have weighed heavily on her psychological power to control her emotion and help her daughter overcome her own psychological stress. Theoretically, the absence of her father may be partly responsible for Sarah’s unfriendly disposition to people, friends or relatives she doesn’t like (Emer y 163). My first actions as a practitioner: As an early childhood practitioner, it would amount to mere speculations if I should make my decision without first of all undergo the assessment of Sarah’s behavior. Therefore, the first step is to closely and carefully monitor Sarah for revelations of any strange manners or symptoms that could show that she may have been suffering from psychological/mental, social and physical abuse by her depressed mother (Carr 202). With reference to National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children NSPCC, a multi-professional approach is needed to offer believable consultation and assessment of any child in need. This modality will produce well-rounded assessment using professionals from the educational, social and health fields to monitor Sarah and document their findings to help map out the best strategy required to solve the girl’s problems (NSPCC 3-25).

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay An enabling school climate plays an important role in determining the outcome of learning experience for learners, care givers, parents or guardians as well as staff. On the other hand, a school environment that fails to foster proper relationships amongst all stakeholders in a school community can be blamed for poor performance and indiscipline that characterizes schools where there is a negative or unfavorable environment. In deed the school climate goes further than defining the academic performance since the climate in school affects not only the learners’ but also the immediate community, the staff as well as the neighboring community. This paper expounds on the various aspects of the school environment which in turn leads to deterioration of home/school relations or the improvement of the same (Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 35). Although different scholars have advanced different meanings to the term ‘ school climate, many scholars favor the definition which views school environment as the sum total of all factors that, affect the learning process in the school as well as the interrelations amongst different players in the education process. School climate is influenced by a number of factors which include but are not limited to; the physical components of the school such as the type of classrooms and other physical structures in the school compound. For the physical components to constitute part of the school climate, such must have a direct influence on how teachers, staff, learners and parents perceive the school and therefore influences the relations between school and home. Physical facilities are also important in that, they can hinder or enhance the relationships amongst participants in the education process. Physical facilities have been known to influence how learning takes place as less unfavorable physical facilities are less likely to foster a positive learning environment (Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 76). Indeed, where the physical facilities are not conducive to learning, this can negatively affect student ability to concentrate or even deal a blow to student’s self esteem all of which would in such a case influence the relations between the school and the home. Equally important is the social cultural factors especially those which concern diversity, most schools enroll learners from various socio-cultural background something which results into conflicts if not managed well. Where there are conflicts, it becomes very difficult for positive relations to prosper and again, this has a bearing on the school/home environment. Intolerance based on factors such as race, religion, or ideological beliefs could trigger tensions. Therefore there is a need for proper management of diversity if the school climate is going to positively contribute to positive school/home environment. The staff and even the parents all have a responsibility in creating an organizational culture that exemplifies trust and understanding amongst different stake holders with an aim of ensuring that, all members of the school community are treated equally and with the same dignity. Issues such as the use of Native American mascots during sports and which have spurred mixed reactions must be properly analyzed for their effects on the school/home relations to be understood. Where such are found to contribute in any way to negative school/home relations, there is a need for corrective measures to be taken both at he bottom line and at the decision making level so as to prevent undesirable consequences (McNeely, Nonnemaker, Blum, 67). Where students are treated favorably or discriminately because of socio-cultural background, the end result is a tension filed school/home relations and with such an environment, academic performance becomes very difficult and unrealizable. Social background largely determines the ability of the parents or guardians (home) of the learner to afford education-related services and therefore in cases whereby a school acts unreasonably in charging for education related services, this may be perceived by the parents to mean that, the school does not welcome the affected children to study or seek educational services in the school. Ensuring that, learners are satisfied and feel loved, cared for, appreciated and welcome in school also contributes to enhanced home/school relations (Loukas , Robinson, 194). How learners are treated is likely also to determine the behavior of the parents and guardians back at home as more parents and guardians are more likely to depend on feedback from their children to gauge the school climate. This in turn may influence how the parents and guardians view and relate with the school. Whereby the ‘home-side’ is not pleased with the school conduct in regard to how the latter treats learners, a standoff may result and in such circumstance, the school environment is bound to be unfriendly and un-responsive to the needs of the home. This is more likely to lead to negative school/home relations. Without efforts from both the home and school to make learners satisfied with the system, learners will most likely develop some resentment as they may conclude that, the school climate is not as supportive as they would expect. The teachers have a responsibility to show support to learners and try to align the learning goals to the expectations of the learners especially in regard to mainly the learners achieve and accomplish not only academic goals but also career goals. A positive school climate is important in the creation of working teams in the school. Team spirit is important because a school as a social institution has some common and shared goals and objectives which it must share as a community. Without collaboration and cooperation amongst members of the school community, different members are likely to function as units as opposed to collectively and therefore the chances of failure to attain desired outcomes in terms of improved school climate becomes a reality. What often is forgotten by school administrators is the fact that, learners too have expectations and in any case, needs which they aim to achieve for all their efforts in schools. A common cause of differences and problems is whereby teachers tend to treat learners as though they do not have personal needs and objectives, that is, a motivation to be in school. For a positive school environment to be realized, learners must be treated as an important party and should be accorded the necessary support in order to emerge successful and victorious. Since the main connection between the school and the home is the learner, ignoring the needs and concerns of the learner is tantamount to breaking the link between the home and the school. The school climate can also be attained through the staff and learners encouraging openness and trust building amongst learners and especially in connection with the latter’s behavior and attitudes towards the school. In the case whereby the students are in secondary level, there is usually the factor of their emotional status occasioned by growth and development which influences how the learners view the staff and other members of the school community. As the Center on Families, Communities, Schools, and Childrens Learning, (21) observes, school climate is important in connecting learners activities to school mission, (Felner, Favazza, Shim, Brand, Gu, Shim, 124), adds that, school climate is not easily noticeable as it is usually invisible and only the effects can be recognized. Whenever learners and the rest of the school’s staff demonstrate positive behavior in terms of values, the school climate is said to be enabling and every school community member is able to function normally. Tableman (98) mentions safety as very important in determining the kind of school climate present in any given school. So as to achieve an enabling school climate, there is a need for measures to be put in place in order to ensure that, all precautionary measures are taken in terms of adhering to guidelines stipulated in safety guidelines for schools. Therefore through enhancement of school safety precautions, the school climate is enhanced and this is important in maintaining of good school/home relations. Enhancing the school climate also calls for improved interpersonal relations and as stipulated earlier, there is a need for the school administrators to be well trained in terms of dealing with conflicts and conflict resolution strategies (Comer, Haynes, 87). The administration of schools must rise to a level whereby conflicts are viewed as opportunities to embrace diversity of ideas and opinions and an opportunity to involve everyone in the decision making process. A school which involves both learners and parents in the decision making process is more likely to prosper than a school which leaves the rest of the school community in the dark when making decisions which impact on every stakeholder (Tarter, Sabo, Hoy, 109). Although every member of the school community has a responsibility to ensure success and of a positive school climate, no one is more central to this process than the school administration because they are the policy makers and also play a decisive role in the implementation of policies (Tarter, Sabo, Hoy, 78). Continuous improvement through inititiation of change is very crucial in the realization of a positive school climate. No system is perfect and even for schools with the best structures in place, there are usually challenges and problems which have to be dealt with continually as it is not usually possible to achieve perfect systems over night. Therefore how the organization receives change usually determines the success or failure of the change process. The stakeholders must be able and willing to adapt to various situations so as to allow every one to fit into the system and function in unity. Equally important to the realization of success is the commitment of all in all efforts geared towards an improved school environment. Without dedication and the pooling of resources, the change effort still remains elusive and not easy to achieve. Therefore, schools must nurture all its members so that, the synergetic effect may be realized and an enabling school environment attained. Equally important is the carrying out of a needs assessment which serves to identify barriers to positive school environment as well as the pointing out of areas of concern needing urgent attention. Without proper guidance and leadership from the administration a school climate worthy emulating may be unrealistic, indeed, the leadership offered in any given organization determines the success of the change initiatives and in some cases serves as the selling point of an organization by providing an empowering internal environment. Therefore, the quality and type of leadership may cause either a positive or negative school environment. It is therefore fundamental for the school to offer the best possible leadership as a means of enhancing the school environment (Cohen, 123). Many schools have failed to incorporate scientific methods in resolving some of the challenges they face. In deed, research studies can be used to establish causes of negative school climate for schools facing such challenges but most schools have not gone as far as carrying out research studies pointing out lack of sufficient funds. Therefore there is a need for sensitization of schools on the importance using scientific methods to better understand the school climate. Communication plays an important role in determining the school environment and therefore for any school to realize a desirable school climate, it must demonstrate ability to establish proper communication structures. Most schools have in the past failed by failing to embrace both downward ad upward communications. This amount to failing to appreciate the contribution students can make to creating of an empowering school climate (Freiberg,36). In conclusion, the fact that the students have an important role to play in promoting a positive school culture should trigger the administration to fully involve them in initiation of change by streamlining communication function in the organization. Until then, the school is likely to face problems when it comes to fostering a positive school climate.

The Utilities Of Apollo 11

The Utilities Of Apollo 11 The Apollo 11 mission played an important role in the shaping of science and technology and it stands as a testament to mankinds ability to achieve greatness in spite of seemingly overwhelming challenges and obstacles. The Apollo 11 moon landing was a significant event that showed what humanity could accomplish. The success of Apollo 11 came at a time when American society was in crisis. Some people argue that this achievement of landing on the moon was mainly to beat the Russians to it in the space race and how the achievement was born out of hatred and distrust. This is not necessarily true, a growing fear of adjusting to a world in which United States technology and leadership was perceived as second best. This fear helped to fuel this great achievement. The Apollo 11 mission had a profound impact in the advancement of science and technology and the evolution of space exploration. Its clear that Apollo 11 was the crown of American space technology and is a major accomplishment in the history of space exploration. The Apollo project was a series of missions designed to land a man on the moon and return him safely to Earth. Although earlier Apollo missions did achieve some success the grand achievement of a manned landing on the moon was Apollo 11. The following timeline for Apollo 11 was taken from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center courtesy of Dr. David R. Williams: The liftoff of Apollo 11 happened on the morning of July 16, 1969. Apollo 11 was manned by a three man crew composing of Neil Armstrong, Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin and Michael Collins. On July 20, 1969 after a trip of four days Apollo 11 arrived at the moon. At 4:18pm EDT the lunar module containing Neil Armstrong and Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin touched down on the moon. Aldrin in communications to Earth stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the eagle has landed (Aldrin, 1969). At 10:56pm EDT Neil Armstrong emerged from the lunar module and became the first human to set foot on the moon. Armstrong summed it up by saying Thats one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind (Armstrong, 1969). On July 21, 1969 Apollo 11 departed from the moon after spending 22 hours there. On July 24, 1969 Apollo 11 splashed down returning the three astronauts safely to Earth. (Williams, 2005). Millions of people around the world watched this historic event happen on live television and listened to it via radio broadcasts. With the success of Apollo 11 Kennedys great vision became a reality and it was giant step in progress for humankind. The Apollo 11 mission has directly affected society with the notion of space exploration and it had a profound effect on the future of space exploration. It all started on May 25, 1961 during the height of the space race, President John F. Kennedys bold statement to Congress on urgent special needs was one that captivated the nation and set the events that followed in motion: First, I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him back safely to the earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish (Kennedy, 1961). This speech made by Kennedy in 1961 was the stuff of legends and ignited the dream of space exploration. Kennedy would further elaborate on this and offered the reason and explanation for such an undertaking during a speech he made at Rice University about the nations space effort on September 12, 1962: We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too (Kennedy, 1962). This speech spoke to the hearts of the American people and was one of the finest speeches made by Kennedy to rally the support of the American public in favor of space exploration. Both of these speeches were a great boost to the American space program and the push for space exploration. At the time of these speeches NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration had not placed a man in orbit around the Earth, let alone the moon. Nonetheless NASA engineers and scientists rose to challenge. The past successes of the Mercury and Gemini programs guided by Kennedys grand vision helped to develop the missions for the Apollo program and in the ultimate goal of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely back to Earth. While the Apollo program was during the Cold War with its political and rhetoric fears and concerns it was also a push to explore space and how that success was vital for America. The May 25, 1961 Kennedy speech was reinforced by the October 13, 1961 speech at the American Rocket Society by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson stated: If I could get one message to you it would be this: The future of this country and the welfare of the free world depend upon our success in space. There is no room in this country for any but a fully cooperative, urgently motivated all-out effort toward space leadership. No one person, no one company, no one Government agency, has a monopoly on the competence, the missions, or the requirements for the space program. It is and it must continue to be national job (Johnson, 1961). This speech by Johnson clearly expressed the outlook the United States had on space exploration and it would do whatever it took to be successful and how important that success was. All three of these speeches helped the development of Americas space program and space exploration in general. The first two speeches made by Kennedy were to inspire the American public on this grand enterprise and how the exploration of space was necessary for America. The speech by Johnson was aimed at how important success was in this endeavor for America and how American leadership in space was necessary for the future of America. The Apollo program and most noticeably Apollo 11 is a living testament to the triumph of human engineering in overcoming enormous challenges in spite of overwhelming odds. When Kennedy made the bold statement of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth in 1961 none of the technology and hardware or the workforce needed to achieve this goal existed. An article in the July 2009 issue of Mechanical Engineering, Burton Dicht stated In all, more than 400,000 engineers, scientists, and technicians working for more than 20,000 companies and universities contributed to Apollos Success (Dicht, 29). This massive collaborative undertaking was unheard of at the time and showed what can be accomplished by working together. The Apollo 11 mission united the people working on it with a common goal and belief that America would achieve it first. During the 1960s engineers and scientists were in great demand to overcome the vast engineering difficulties in the race to get into space . An article in the September 2005 issue of Mechanical Engineering, John Varrasi says At no other time were engineers prouder of their work, contributions, and professional and civic responsibilities. Each successive space mission was an achievement for engineering, for the nation, and for mankind (Varrasi, 46). The 1960s were the glory days for engineering with almost unlimited recourses and funding all geared toward the exploration of space. In many ways the engineers and scientists were heroes in their own right for making the success of Apollo 11 a reality. With the limited computer power at the time some things could not be done by computer and had to be done by other means. Nick Smith in the July 2009 issue of Engineering Technology talks with Buzz Aldrin about the Apollo program, he quotes Aldrin as saying, We chose to use humans to aid things like re-entry, final closure breaking and docking maneuvers. We made use of humans, rather than try to automate everything and I thin k we made wise decisions when exploring how to do these things (Aldrin, 77). This was a wise decision as the computing power at the time was still in its intimacy and wasnt efficient in doing certain mechanical calculations or to make the needed corrective changes that arose in solving them. Apollo 11 was a great collaborative feat of human engineering and coordination and the success of Apollo 11 proved that American scientific and technological power would remain supreme in the area of space exploration. Public coverage of the American space program through the press and television provided a great boost of support and enthusiasm that helped to retain national interest in the space program. Michael Beschloss in the book Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership writes, public interest in space science, rocket technology, and detailed knowledge regarding space exploration had exploded. This, captured the American imagination, made them strongly support the space program because it promised the chance to establish American superiority in space (Beschloss 63). All of this led to strengthen the influence the space program had on the American people and helped to combat the fears the public had that America would lose the resulting space race. The space race has been called many of things and some would dismiss it as commonplace of the Cold War era, in all reality it was just a heated rivalry between two opposing nations that played on political fears. Space and ultimately the m oon was the battleground for this rivalry as each side strove to achieve superiority. For America the political goal was to prove to the world that American technology and leadership were superior. An article in the July 2009 issue of Engineering Technology, Piers Bizony writes Neither Russia nor America at the time would have reached for space, let alone the moon, if that prize hadnt beguiled the many millions of ordinary people they were trying to impress with their propaganda campaigns (Bizony, 22). While this is one view of how the space program was seen it is true to a sense; the growing fear of adjusting to a world in which American technology and leadership came to be thought of as second best was seen as a real threat. If the Soviet Union could solidify its superiority in outer space, it would strengthen its influence and hold on the people of the world. This would have profound diplomatic and commercial consequences for America and the American way of life (Oberg, 2009). T his never happened, Apollo 11 succeeded in its mission of putting American astronauts on the moon and by doing so also succeeded in its purpose. Winning the race to the moon gave the American people a great sense of confidence and pride not to mention a sense of direction that America would lead the world in the exploration of space. This success of Apollo 11 came at a time when American society was in crisis and that success helped to sustain the nation through the turbulent years of internal turmoil that followed. Mark Albrecht, former Executive Security of the National Space Council in his book, Falling Back to Earth comments on Apollo 11, he writes, It was an achievement that won the admiration of nations and fueled innovation (Albrecht, 58). He further elaborates on this in a 2011 Washington Times article he stated: Since 1960, Americas space program has been the crown jewel and Exhibit A of American exceptionalism. It has been a symbol of our spirit, ingenuity and technological prowess. It has fueled and sustained an economic expansion unparalleled in history and has powered the most awesome and unrivaled global military capability since the Roman Empire (Albrecht, 2011). The statement made by Albrecht clearly expresses how important the space program was during the 1960s and how its success changed the future of America and humanity forever. While many have identified the moon landing as the crowning achievement of civilization, it is also a great technological feat and as such has had an impact on culture. In the book Societal Impact of Spaceflight, Andrew Chaikin wrote the cultural impact of Apollo has been multifaceted. It was an event of international importance and yet it touched countless lives on an intensely personal level (Chaikin, 53). This touching of lives caused by Apollo was a turning point in the history of space exploration. It helped to boost commercial and economic growth. It helped to further education in the advancement of science, math and engineering. It also changed or altered worldwide views of how we see ourselves and how we perceive our place in the universe. For some of the American public the moon landing was a contradiction. Darren Jorgensen, Discipline Chair of Visual Arts for the School of Architecture, Landscape and Visual Arts of the University of Australia wrote an article in the 2009 is sue of Sociological Review, he wrote Rather than an heroic victory for the American way of life, the broadcast represented the kinds of disorientation and self-doubt that this society was experiencing during the 1960s (Jorgensen, 178). These feelings of alienation and self-doubt by the public were not surprising, at the time of the moon landing America was in turmoil and many questioned or opposed Apollo saying the cost for it could be better spent elsewhere and was out of tune with the urgent needs of Earth (Chaikin, Societal Impact of Spaceflight, 56). Apollo was a unique point in American history it undoubtedly had a profound effect on culture that pushed into the political and social aspects as well. The political and technological circumstances of the 1960s and the national priority of space exploration were all key elements in the success of putting an American man on the moon. This kind of culture shaping event would probably not be seen again as the next decade had its own p roblems to deal with, least of all the Vietnam War and the priorities shifted as the time changed. John Logsdon, former director of the space policy institute and current member of the NASA Advisory council wrote in his book John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon, he wrote In undertaking the lunar landing program, John Kennedy linked the politics of the moment with the dreams of centuries and the aspirations of the nation (Logsdon, 4). The Apollo project was the means for America to achieve its prestige in the space race and in the Cold War and its effect would be long lasting on culture and humanity. The Apollo mission unfired the American public in a way that gave them something they could be proud of. It was a great voyage of discovery and with coverage of the event provided by television, it gave the public the chance to follow along with and in a sense partake in the event. At the time nothing of the sort had ever been done, the implications and the outcome of the event had a huge impact and changed the culture of America and the world. The Apollo 11 moon landing was a groundbreaking event that changed the world. It is a living testament to mankinds ability to achieve greatness in spite of enormous odds and challenges. It showed what America could accomplish when united and working towards a common goal. While it was a race for superiority in the resulting space race, it also played a key role in the shaping of science and technology. The Apollo 11 mission proved Americas capability to advance science and technology. The nation was left in awe by the achievements made by the aerospace industry during the 1960s and ultimately the moon landing. Apollo brought about technological advances in computer circuitry and engineering along with numerous innovations that have improved our understanding of space and that has affected modern society immensely. Apollo 11 and the moon landing event was a vast and cultural shaping force that undeniably inspired how science and the future evolve. Works Citied Albrecht, M. (2011). Americas space rash is crashing. Washington Times. July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/jul/6/americas-space-program-is-crashing/ Albrecht, M. (2011). Falling Back to Earth: A First Hand Account of the Great Space Race and the End of the Cold War. San Mateo, CA: New Media Books. Beschloss, M. (1997). Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Bizony, P. (2009, July). The great uncertainty of Apollo. Engineering Technology, 4(12). 20-23. Retrieved October 5, 2012, from Academic Search Complete database. (doi:10.1049/et.2009.1201). Dicht, B. (2009). The most hazardous and dangerous and greatest adventure on which man has ever embarked.. Mechanical Engineering, 131(7), 28-35. Retrieved October 6, 2012, from Academic Search Complete database. Dick, S. and Launius, R., ed. (2007). Societal Impact of Spaceflight. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Johnson, L. B. Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of October-December 1961. Report to the Committee on Science and Aeronautics. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved on October 7, 2012, from http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1961-4.html. Jorgensen, D. (2009). Middle America, the moon, the sublime and the uncanny. Sociological Review, 57. 178-189. Retrieved October 6, 2012, from Academic Search Complete database. (doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2009.01824.x) Kennedy, J. F. Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs, May 25, 1961. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. Retrieved on October 7, 2012, from http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8151. Kennedy, J. F. Address at Rice University on the Nations Space Effort, September 12, 1962. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved on October 7, 2012, from http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Ready-Reference/JFK-Speeches/Address-at-Rice- University-on-the-Nations-Space-Effort-September-12-1962.aspx. Logsdon, J. M. (2010). John f. Kennedy and the race to the moon. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Oberg, James. (2009). The secret formula for going to the moon. NBC News website. July 14, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2012, from h ttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5380736/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/secret- formula-going-moon/ Smith, N. and Schuster, A. (2009, July). Out of this world. Engineering Technology, 4(12). 20-23. Retrieved October 5, 2012, from Academic Search Complete database. (doi:10.1049/et.2009.1201). Varrasi, J. (2005). Reach for the Sky. Mechanical Engineering, 127(9), 44-46. Retrieved from academic Search Complete database. Williams, D. (2005). 25th anniversary of Apollo 11: 1969 1994. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. May 24, 2005. Retrieved October 7, 2012, from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo11.html.

Bone Conduction Technology Impact

Bone Conduction Technology Impact Gabrielle Lau Erin Topping The worlds sounds can be perceived acoustically and as vibrations. Acoustic transmission, also known as air conduction, is sound that travels through the external ear. Through bone conduction, sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear by the cranial bones without traveling through the air in the ear canal (Oticon Medical). Audiologists take advantage of these two principles when creating hearing aids for the deaf and hearing impaired. Traditional acoustic air conduction hearing aids treat and amplify noise appropriately to the user through the ear canals. Unlike air conduction, bone conduction involves bypassing the ear and resting on the bony prominence of the skin. Vibrations travel through the bones and into the cochlea where sound, including acoustic, is interpreted. Despite air conduction succeeding bone conduction in the hearing aid industry, bone conduction technology offers many potential uses and enhanced safety. Inventions such as bone conduction sunglasses and headphone s allow users to immerse themselves in music without muting environmental sounds. Their ears would be open to hearing car horns and hollers, thus preventing many injuries and deaths that were initially caused by earphones blocking surrounding sound (Hsu, University of Maryland). Moreover, scientific studies have also supported the concept, that bone conduction technology causes less damage to the ears than ear buds (Monks, The Audiology Foundation of America). Bone conduction oriented hearing, as compared to air conduction oriented hearing, is a form of sound transmission that has greater potential for a wider variety of uses. Air conduction oriented hearing is the standard sound transmission of the anatomy of ears. Sound travels through the ear canal, and next translated into vibrations by the eardrum. These vibrations then transmit through three tiny bones called the anvil, hammer, and stirrup in the middle ear which amplifies the sound. Lastly, the sound enters the cochlea lined with fluid and thousands of tiny hair cells that will transform the sound vibrations into electrical signals for the brain to interpret. Acoustic hearing aids have technologically advanced tremendously with each aid handling miniscule microphones, processors, and receivers (Townsley). Sound is picked up through the microphone then processed into the specific hearing range of the user. For example, an air conduction hearing aid would pick up sound and strengthen high or low pitched noises to fit the hearing of the patient. Air conduction hearing aids benefit individuals suffering from cochlear damage, where the hair cells that st imulate hearing certain frequencies to the auditory nerve have deteriorated. Bone conduction oriented hearing involves bypassing the external ear and transmitting sound via the bones of the human body, preferably the skull. There are two types of bone conducting hearing aids, bone conduction bands and bone anchored hearing aids. Unlike bone conduction bands, bone anchored hearing aids involve penetrating the skin by surgically implanting a titanium abutment to the mastoid (Oticon Medical). A microphone sound processor latches to this implant in order to directly transmit sound as vibrations to the skull (Townsley). Bone conduction bands consist of a microphone, processor, and elastic band. These two mechanical components latch to the band that is worn around the patients head. The bone conduction hearing aid provides a solution to those with profound hearing loss with sensorineural damage, single-sided deafness, or atresia, a birth defect where individuals are born without an ear canal. This option of hearing has gained most recognition from its ability to he lp the common condition, single-sided deafness. Individuals who suffer such, have an impaired ability to detect the direction of sounds and to separate background noise to make sense of speech (Townsley). To avoid feelings of social isolation and exclusion from this, patients use specifically bone conduction hearing aids to regain consciousness of the position of sound and its source. Moreover, bone conduction hearing aids are used during hearing tests to uncover whether a patient suffers external or sensorineural ear damage (Townsley). The use of air conduction is constant for those with normal hearing. Individuals with unobstructed external ear pathways and normal sensorineural function will automatically hear all sounds acoustically. Air conduction technology encompasses all appliances that allow individuals to hear sound. These include hearing aids, speakers, headphones, speaker implanted into cars and computers, etc. A magnitude of technology utilizes air conduction sound transmission, but the functional purpose of creating sound has not since presented any different potential uses. Though bone conduction technology has been around for centuries, modern developments have shown the magnitude of its use. Ludwig Van Beethoven, born in the late 1700s, utilized sound bite principles to compose music after he threw a temper tantrum, fell over, and stood up to realize he had lost all hearing. By biting on a special rod attached to the soundboard on a piano that he could bite, Beethoven allowed musical vibrations to transfer to his jaw to increase his perception of the sound.(Ealy 143) Bone conduction technology has since advanced as a safety precaution for secret military operations and daily activities. British Aeorspace Systems constructed bone conduction inspired helmets allowing soldiers to hear comms over the loudest battlefield noises and bone phones, ear pieces to use for silent communication (Wood). The documented navy SEAL raid that killed Osama Bin Laden stated the vitality of bone phones for that mission (Owen). The fundamentals of the bone phones have shift ed to also accomodate citizens. In a study conducted by the University of Maryland, it concluded that 70% of all transportation accidents involving earphones led to death. The creation of bone conduction headphones henceforth came about. To promote situational awareness, users can listen to music through a headpiece that firmly sits transducers in front of the ear, on the cheekbones. Hollers and honks from surrounding cars will be heard by the user because their natural hearing sense is no longer depleted by an ear phone. Moreover, certain cell phone companies have begun to develop a bone conduction microphone. For busy men and women who must take calls on the go, but struggle to make their responses apparent and environment non-apparent to their recipient, this speaker will directly pick up the vibrations of their voice simply by resting on their head and transferring it to the phone to process and link to the recipient end. These products have been manufactured into articles of cl othing that can be worn on the head such as baseball caps and glasses. These developments prove that bone conduction technology is advancing into uses beyond the hearing impaired. Additionally bone conduction has been utilized as a marketing gimmick. In the summer of 2015, a Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) in South Africa hoped to increase its relevance through creating a modern indoor entertainment system. With the growing number of unsigned musical artists and the fact that KFC was not a record label, the fast food chain decided to create record tables (Chase and Brandt). They took advantage of bone conduction principles by engineering tables where customers would place their elbows on the table and cup their hands on their ears to get a musical treat (Chase and Brandt). This high-tech addition yielded outstanding results in business increased the average dwell time of the customer in store and widespread social media hype about the innovation as well as overwhelmingly positive feedback about the experience (Chase and Brandt). Bone conduction has created a new form of advertisement in an exciting and interactive way that it has been introduced into the public t ransportation systems in Munich and North Rhine-Westphalia. In 2013 Sky Go, a mobile streaming service, enhanced the glass windows of trains to transmit messages through bone conduction to passengers who lay their head on the window. This glass emits high frequencies that the brain processes into words heard by no one else on the train except for those who also have laid their head on the window. Information on weather, music, and advertisements transmitted into the commuters heads. Despite a Sky Go representative, Susanne Keyzers, claiming passengers were surprised but enjoyed this new form of advertising, on camera reactions prove that bone conduction may not be the best fit for transit advertisements. Several passengers looked shocked then angry for not being able to shut their eyes for nap while leaning against a window (Dicker). Though bone conduction has introduced an entirely new dimension to the world of advertisement, manufacturers must recognize the line between voluntary interaction and invasion of privacy. For its invasive characteristics, the talking window has opened an aspect of marketing known as guerilla advertising. Outside of practical and marketing use, bone conduction technology has also made strides in the recreational and comfort fields. Aquatic sportswear companies such as FINIS Incorporated have developed underwater headphones, dubbed the Neptune headphones, through the use of bone conduction principles. This recent innovation mimics the way whales and dolphins communicate underwater (Smith) by transferring sound as vibrations from an mp3 player to small pieces latched over the cheekbones. The music plays as if inside the users head, giving this new headphone a surreal (Smith) reputation. Another company that hoped to take advantage of bone conductions potentials uses was Google. In 2013, Google created its first Google Glass prototype, a glasses gadget that could provide information to its user instantly by being closer to the human senses (Warr). Essentially computer glasses, these gadgets included a bone conduction speaker to transfer information to the user regarding camera use, inter net information, map directions, or music. Due to its still continuing development, the Google Glass has never been sold to the public. The head Glass coordinator, Tony Fadell, spoken out that several versions of Google Glass are being made for different situations. Currently, an Enterprise Edition exists which aimed at businesses in healthcare, manufacturing, and energy industries. And beyond that, bone conduction has become a player in the comfort industry. Integrated Listening Systems built a Dreampad bone conduction pillow in 2014 (Kooser). The Dreampad consisted of several bone conduction speakers fitted into all sort of pillows to help sing users into a pleasant slumber. Their target audiences encompassed those diagnosed with insomnia and those who wish to listen to music or audiobooks to sleep while their bed buddy may prefer complete silence. By using a very subtle sound bone conduction based approach, the Dreampad soothed people to sleep. The expanse of bone conduction tech nology from underwater workouts to inducing sleep, highlight its many uses as compared to air conduction technology. Not only does bone conduction offer a new take on leisure items, it also has become a vital part of entertainment experiences for the deaf community. Recently, the world famous DJ Martin Garrix and the soda brand 7Up teamed up to create a Concert for the Deaf. In cooperation with Fake Love, Martin Garrix and 7UP created a concert for the deaf that utilized a variety of tactile experiments and features to give participants the experience of feeling their music (Meadow). The project involved the construction of numerous vibrating speaker cones and padded flooring, revolving around bone conduction principles, so that the deaf attendees would be able to interact and physically feel the music around them. Visuals were paired to water experiments that the music itself brought to life, creating a completely seamless and encompassing audio and visual experience(Meadow). The designers of this concert created plexi-glass boxes with a thin base level of water. Attached to the bottom, were light s and vibrating speaker cones that vibrated the water at different frequencies. These vibrations accompanied the visual projections and ultimately the beats played by Martin Garrix. Some attendees were also fitted with Subpac-like backpack systems that conveyed bass throughout the body (Meadow). The project thoroughly utilized bone conduction principles in order to gear a musical concert to an all-deaf audience. Though the vibrations could not be perceived as sound because of the audiences complete auditory deafness, the vibrations could be picked up by the bones of the human body in rhythms recognizable to the brain. And the results succeeded expectations. People of all ages who had never heard a sound in their entire lives or for many years enjoyed a night of electronic music and dancing to beats that literally flowed through their bodies. Bone conduction technology can create new inventions, but it can also be a fundamental principle in creating life experiences that yield lastin g amounts of joy and happiness. Some may argue that although bone conduction technology offers a spectrum of uses, its quality does not permit it to reach full potential. Many online reviews of bone conduction inspired works such as Google Glass or the Dreampad are negative. Users usually feel dissatisfied with the vibrational sound being muffled and unclear, and for certain developments, users find them physically unappealing. A recent popular review on the Dreampad gave credit for its impressive technology but derailed it for its limited application (Lovejoy). It also detailed the false sense of the Dreampads efficacy by discussing its limited research. The Dreampad advertising site claimed to have had performed a study with Columbia University. However, the study in its entirety included twenty-nine people with only ten actually using the Dreampad pillow. Additionally, Lovejoy noted that the bone conduction music was almost painful to listen to and that the given podcasts were both muffled and quiet even at maxi mum volume. But, this demonstrates only one heavily studied and documented opinion. For the Google Glass, a plethora of complaints and criticisms arose. Initially this invention held highly regard, being named one of TIME magazines Best Inventions of the Year as well as receiving an astounding number of pages in several popular magazines, being referenced in popular television shows, and even premiering on the runway for New York Fashion Week. But within a year it began its descent into infamy. Its initial exclusivity made it far more desirable and idealized in society. Once technology reviewers got a hold of a pair and both tested and deconstructed it, Google Glass met its downfall. Major criticisms revolved around the weak bone conduction sound system, abysmal battery life, its plague of cyber-bugs, and limited use (Bilton). Google Glass recording abilities made it banned from bars, movie theaters, and casinos. Despite bone conduction technologies good intentions to thrust humanit y into the possibilities of the future, its overall quality has kept it from truly progressing. Clearly, bone conduction offers a great variety of uses. However, it is not necessarily the better option compared to air conduction both in quality and health. As stated earlier, bone conduction inventions have faced excessive criticism concerning the sound quality and whether or not it is effectively portraying sound to those with hearing disabilities. A common misconception, is that bone conduction is a less risky form of headphone and therefore healthier. Headphones that are bone conduction oriented will pass sound through the skull and straight to the bones of the middle ear to the cochlea. Likewise, sound that is transferred through air conduction will pass through the ear canal, ear drum, middle ear bones, and the cochlea. Either way, both still put the hair cells of the cochlea at risk when playing loud music. Listening repeatedly to loud volumes will lead to damage of the cochlea no matter what kind of hearing technology. Air conduction and bone conduction principles have led to a vast amount of advancements in many aspects of life; innovations in hearing, traffic safety, the work place, and even personal comfort. The limits of acoustic sound application stem from the primary purpose of giving off sound for those of normal hearing. As compared to bone conduction, air conduction does not offer as many potential uses or variety of applications. Through the developments of bone conduction headphones, military helmets, glasses, tables, and even pillows one can truly see the possibilities of bone conduction. And beyond tangible objects, bone conduction has played a role in ensuring the safety of pedestrians and bikers and creating impactful memories of hearing and feeling music. Although there are currently many shortcomings, I believe that bone conduction technology has the promise of making countless technological advances in the future. Bone conduction oriented hearing, as compared to air conduction ori ented hearing, is a form of sound transmission that has greater potential for a wider variety of uses. Bone conduction technology has massively expanded in its uses. Now reaching far beyond the hearing aid market it was originally intended for; headphones that help ensure safety, and pillows that play silent music to help the user fall asleep. It has greatly transcended the cell phone company market by offering new ways to add clarity and efficiency to calls. Bone conduction has even reached the battle field, by being implemented into military helmets. Soldiers can now clearly receive and understand orders from their commander over the blasting sounds of cannons, guns, tanks, or aircrafts. It has also become greatly useful in secret operations. By having a slim bone conduction piece attached to the arm, agents are able to communicate silently in the most physically unobvious way: without any headpiece or audible sound. And after defense, bone conduction has been monumental in helping the deaf hear. In a recent concert and commercial put on by 7 Up Soda, the public was able to see how bone conduction speakers and platforms were able to transmit sound to deaf individuals so that they may enjoy a full on visual and physical musical experience. But despite its success and high regard by society, it does have its own shortcomings. Users of bone conduction products have found much fault in its quality as well as its overall efficiency. Reviews on the Google Glass and Dreampad yielded not the most gentle remarks. Critics also point out the use of bone conduction as guerilla advertisement, specifically in the talking window campaign in western Europe. Its invasion of privacy and improper application by Skygo have somewhat downscaled the popularity of bone conduction. However, seeing the amount of things it can do and accomplish, the multiple inventions made, I have believe that the future of bone conduction technology is promising. The potential uses bone conduction technology has are boundless, and I believe will be vital in the development of future inventions and dis coveries. Works Cited Bilton, Nick. Why Google Glass Broke. The New York Times. The New York Times, 04 Feb. 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Chase, Pete, and Adam Brandt. Sound Bite Interactive Record Table. Best Ads on TV. YUM Brands. 20 July 2015. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. Dicker, Ron. Train Window Ads Vibrate Into Ear Via Bone Conduction As You Lay Head Against Glass (VIDEO). The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 03 July 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Ealy, George Thomas. Of Ear Trumpets and a Resonance Plate: Early Hearing Aids and Beethovens Hearing Perception, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Spring, 1994), pp. 262-273, University of California Press. 27 Nov. 2011. Print. 01 Feb. 2017. Greer, Ray. Bone Conduction Headphones: Safety and What to Know. Best of Life Magazine Co. 16 Feb. 2016, pp. 15-20. 01 Feb. 2017. Hsu, Christine. Serious Injuries and Deaths Caused by Headphones Have Tripled Since 2004. Injury Prevention (2012): n. pag. Medical Daily. University of Maryland, 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. Kooser, Amanda. I Let a Bone-conduction Pillow Sing Me to Sleep. CNET. N.p., 25 Nov. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Lovejoy, Ben. Review: Dreampad, the Bluetooth Pillow Speaker with Impressive Tech but Limited Application.9 to 5 Mac. 13 Jan. 2017. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Meadow, Matthew. Martin Garrix Proves He Has A Heart Of Gold In Emotionally Charged New Video. Your EDM. LLC, 18 Mar. 2016. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. Monks, Kieron. Bone Conduction: Get Used to the Voices in Your Head. CNN. Cable News Network. 29 May 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Oticon Medical .How Bone Conduction Hearing Systems Work. How Bone Conduction Works. Oticon Medical, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Owen, Mark, and Kevin Maurer. No Easy Day: The Autobiography of a Navy SEAL: The Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden. NY, NY: Dutton Penguin. 2012. Print. 01 Feb. 2017. Smith, Jennifer. Incredible Underwater Headphones That Transmit Music to Swimmers Ears by Vibrating Sound through Their Cheekbones . Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Townsley, Christopher. Professional Audiologist Interview. Personal interview. 30 Jan. 2017. Warr, Philippa. Google Glass to Use Bone Vibration Instead of Traditional Headphones.WIRED UK. WIRED UK, 23 May 2016. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Wood, Anthony. Army Helmets Could Soon Feature Bone Conduction Comms. New Atlas Latest News. Shutterstock. 10 Sept. 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.

Sun Also Rises and Decline and Fall :: Free Essay Writer

Sun Also Rises and Decline and Fall Poverty is an issue which society faces each day. It is a constant struggle that cannot be ignored. Defeating poverty would take great efforts and contributions from all. Canada and the third world are examples of countries which are experiencing poverty, yet each differ in different ways. Once seeing the multitudes of condominiums, expensive restaurants, and streets jammed with cars, one would never see Canada as a place suffering from hunger, lack of food or clothing. Yet poverty exists. Poverty in Canada cannot be compared to that of a 3rd world country, since many of the poor have access to transportation and television. What people lack is ability to see the inadequate nutrition overcrowded housing and chronic unemployment. â€Å"A visitor to Canada from Africa or Asia, if told if told that there is a widespread poverty in this country, might find the statement hard to credit.†(Schlesinger 89) In most places, the poor are thought to be isolated, away from shopping zones a s well as residential areas. They are seen as a crowded cluster, living in shantytowns drinking a bottle of whisky, uselessly lying there in search for a job, or some method of employment. This is just one of the stereotypes given to the poor person, we must first define poverty. Individuals and families whose financial resources and/or other resources (including educational and occupational skills, the condition of the environment at home and at work, and material possessions) fall seriously below those commanded by the average person or family in society, are in poverty. (Schlesinger 105) The â€Å"poverty line†, is a method used by the government to determine the number of poor people living in a certain area. It is based on an individual’s income. Anyone below the annual level of income is classified as being poor. Who Are Our Poor? The Special Senate Committee on Poverty, using a poverty line, calculated that â€Å"approximately five million Canadians live in poverty† (NCW 10) Studies show various groups in society tend to be poorer in comparison to others. Over 1 million Canadians who work are poor. The working poor are usually employed in service sales, farming, fishing and clerical jobs characterized by low pay, limited opportunities for advancement, and instability. It is said â€Å"1 person in every eight who lives alone is member of the working poor.† (NCW 6) The second highest group is individuals that live in poverty are the elderly.

Before you were mine by Carol Ann Duffy Essay -- English Literature

Before you were mine by Carol Ann Duffy Before you were mine ==================== 'Before you were mine' is a poem written by Carol Ann Duffy. It’s a retrospective poignant dramatic monologue, which tells us about her mother's life ten years before Duffy was born. The title suggests that it's a love poem which shows the strong mother and daughter relationship that they had. The poem starts off with a positive image. "†¦laugh on with your pals Maggie McGeeney and Jean Duff†¦". This shows us that before her mother had children, she was living a very interesting and cheerful life. Duffy moves on by describing her mother's romantic character. "†¦the fizzy, movie tomorrows†¦". The fact that her mother used to go to the movies late at night suggests that she used to go with a lover, which is a very passionate image. However, she also had a disobedient side to her "†¦your Ma stands at the close with a hiding for the late one†¦". This shows that Duffy's mother used to come home late at night and used to get beaten by her mother, which portrays her rebellious nature. Duffy says...

Shakespeares As You Like It - The Romantic Love of Silvius and Phebe :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

As You Like It:   The Romantic Love of Silvius and Phebe    There are several types of love depicted in Shakespeare's As You Like It.   One variety of love portrayed in this comedy is romantic love, the romantic literary ideal which became popular in the Middle Ages. According to the courtly love tradition a lover worships his lady and serves her, suffers all sorts of indignities for her sake, and thinks only of her. He must be loyal to her for life, no matter how badly she treats him, or how much he suffers for unrequited love. A true lover never ceases to adore his lady, and when he speaks of her he only uses poetic language and style. These conventions of courtly love are clearly exemplified in As You Like It in the romantic attachment of Silvius and Phebe. When Rosalind, Celia and Touchstone arrive in the forest of Arden they meet Silvius and Corin, an old shepherd, who are engaged in a conversation about love. Corin is advising his friend on how to treat the woman he loves. However, Silvius doubts the old shepherd's authority in such matters, for although Corin admits having been drawn into acts of madness for the sake of love during his youth, he cannot recall any of them. Silvius clearly manifests that if Corin has forgotten even the most insignificant detail of the actions love made him run into, then he has never been truly in love. Even more, Silvius also explains that a true lover never ceases to adore his lady in speech, even if this moves his listener to discomfort, and further explains that sincere love may drive a lover to interrupt a conversation out of passion. To prove this last point, Silvius suddenly interrupts his speech passionately crying the name of Phebe, his beloved, several times. Silvius reflects the behavior of the courtly lover, who is capable of the most foolish actions for the sake of his beloved, and who suffers the pangs of unrequited love and the abrupt separation from his lady. His only concern is love and, although he is uneducated, his language is lofty, poetic, and artificial when he speaks in praise of Phebe. Indeed, both Phebe and Silvius speak in elaborate verse in order to comply with the courtly love conventions. In their courtship, Silvius praises her virtues and begs for the slightest sign of affection, and Phebe scorns and rejects him all along.

Difficulties of Beginning your own Business (Case Study)

Facts: After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (enrolled agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43), and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in taxes, Mark is the auditor, and John is a business valuation expert. There are so many options available as to how they can structure the new business. The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this threesome, and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business.They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves but are looking for the advice of an unbiased third party. Please consider the following tax and nontax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark, and John.Part I: Discuss the various forms of organization that are available to Penelope, Mark, and John. There are a number of diffe rent forms of organizations for Penelope, Mark, and John to choose. The four main ones are a partnership, Limited Liability Corporation (LLC), S Corporation, or C Corporation. In a partnership all partners are personally liable for debts and obligations. Each partner claims their share of income and losses on their individual tax returns. An LLC covers the owner from personal liability from business debts. As with a partnership, the taxes for an LLC are passed through to the owners. An S Corporation, as with an LLC, the income and taxes pass through to the owners. C Corporations are considered separate entities and pays corporate income taxes separate from the shareholders. With a C Corporation, the shareholders are also taxed on the dividends received.Part II: Make your recommendation as to what form of organization you believe will be best, and be sure to explain the reasoning for your choice. The best organization for Penelope, Mark, and John is a Limited Liability Corporation (L LC). The owners will receive the benefits of limited liability as with a corporation, but the pass through option for the taxes. The LLC is not considered a separate entity so is not subjected to double taxation.Part  III: Discuss the tax consequences of contributing cash, property, and/or services to the new entity. There are no tax consequences for the members of the LLC for contributing cash, property, or services.Part IV: Discuss, in detail, how this entity is taxed (if at all) and what filing requirements it has with the IRS. A multi-member LLC is taxed as a partnership by the IRS. The LLC can elect to be taxed as a corporation by filing form 8832. The LLC files an informational tax return, Form 1065 and Schedule K-1, but is not taxed itself. Individually each member files a Form 1040 and reports their share of the LLC income or losses from the Form Schedule K-1. Each member must pay taxes, which include self-employment tax, on their share regardless if any income is distribu ted. (IRS.gov)Part V: Discuss how income and distributions may or will be allocated to Penelope, Mark, and John. The profits are shared based on percentage of ownership or equally. This needs to be decided during the set-up.Part VI: Discuss, in detail, how the individuals are taxed (if at all) with respect to the net profits from this entity and what filing requirements they will each have with the IRS. With the LLC the individual partners are liable for filing their own personal income taxes based on the guidelines of the IRS, which will include self-employment taxes and any estimated taxes. The individual return Form 1040 will also include a Schedule K-1. All credits and deductions are passed through to each member. The amount of the credits and deductions that each member files for are divided by the percentage that each member has in the company.Part VII: Discuss how Penelope, Mark, and John will calculate their basis in the new entity. Be sure to include the impact that debt ha s on basis, if any. When a partnership interest is acquired in other ways than contributions, usual basis rules apply (Code Sec 742). Since the cost is the initial basis of purchased interest it can be adjusted by the following criteria; additional contributions, partnership’s accumulated taxable income as stated separately ( ¶ 19.3), tax-exempt income from the partnership, increases in the partnership liabilities. (Code Sec. 752(a)).Part VIII (Limited Liability): Discuss the exposure that Penelope, Mark, and John's personal assets will have to the debts and lawsuits of the entity you have recommended. All personal assets of the members of the LLC are covered by the limited liability. If the company is ever sued the personal assets are protected from being taken. In choosing the Limited Liability Corporation,  Penelope, John, and Mark will be protected personally from any misconduct or illegal actions of one of the other members. Each one will be able to how to contribute and manage the company. Also, by choosing the LLC option, the company and members will not be subjected to double taxation. An LLC has no limitation on members as with an S and C corporation, but have the protection. Penelope, Mark, and John will be able to focus on their individual experience to help grow the company as needed.